The International Bottled Water Association, estimates U.S. bottled water sales exceeded 7.3 billion gallons with a total value of $9.8 billion during 2005. Americans now consume an average of 33.0 gallons per person per year, which means we drink more bottled water than any other beverage, other than carbonated soft drinks (CSDs).

• Infused with 87 Bio-Available Ionic Colloidal Minerals
  
• Raised alkalinity for Balanced pH – up to 9.5 pH
  
• Ionized up to –250mV
  
• Electrolytes for Balanced Natural Energy
  
• Micro Clustered with Reduced Surface Tension for Better Hydration
  
• Enhanced Vibrational & Frequency Values
  
• Higher Anti-Oxidant Values: Removes Toxins & Metabolic Acids

Order Online: box of 12 - 750 ml bottles

November 2, 2001

Columbia University, New York City

Expanding a New Scientific View Of the Functional Properties of Water
Bruce L. Erickson and Richard A. Wullaert, Ph.D.

The Functional Water Society of North America
If we truly honor the sacredness in all life from the humble village to the largest city on Earth. Then we need to honor water for without it life would not exist. We need to fully understand the nature of water and how best to work with it in supporting all life. This will take the synergy of nature, technology, wisdom and ethics toward all mankind!
From the philosophy of Rudolph Steiner

Future Vision
In a village in the future, a WaterLife project could be seen as providing a clean central water source, monitored for safety via satellite communications and laser spectral analysis. The pumps are powered utilizing solar arrays, methane gas, wind or pedals. They are equipped with easy to clean filters and the ability to apply magnetic fields and modulated UV light in the water treatment process. Water can be effectively used as a disinfectant for cleaning or as an environmentally safe pesticide when the appropriate electrolyzing tools are applied.

Where appropriate, natural methods of water restoration could also be used such as those proposed by John Todd at Wood’s Hole, creating a synergy between nature and technology. All of this exists now; it just needs the bold step of “vision” to view water as a whole system to best serve the needs of mankind.

The Nature of Water
Water is a molecule of wonder and a resource that is taken for granted. The bonding and structure of water give it unique biological and ecological properties. We need a better understanding of water, its uses, and what we’re doing to it. We need to merge advanced water research with current water polices and treatment, and use water as an ecological tool in renewing our environment. We need to provide water as the means to better the health of the villagers and their animals, and to enhance their crops. To do this, we need to step aside from our historical view of water science and consider the possibilities presented by recent research, some of it “outside the box”. We need a wholistic vision and policy to ensure that we have clean air, water and proper soil conditions to maintain a healthy planet for its people and all life. We need to approach water from a whole systems perspective, using the new scientific advancements in our understanding of the nature of water and the water of nature!

Wholistic Approach to Water
The current focus on water treatment is on what shouldn’t be in the water. This assumes that the removal of “bad’ things in water will make the water good (i.e., have a positive health benefit). From an historical point of view, this may be true, except some of the techniques/chemicals used to remove the “bad” things may add new components that reduce the health benefits of the water. Thus, the current concern for the toxic byproducts of chlorine disinfection. The wholistic approach would be to consider what negative functions we are adding to water in our effort to remove or reduce existing components (microbes, toxins, chemicals, etc.) that produce negative functions. The next thing is to consider what we can do to water to produce positive functions. Another way to use the wholistic approach to water is to be concerned with what role the solvent (water) plays in the effectiveness of what’s in it (solutes).

Microbiologist has long recognized the import role that biological water plays in the formation of cell membranes, enzymes, and even DNA. Water restructures itself to accommodate biological processes [1]. Thus, nature shows us that altering the structure and properties of the water can have significant effects on what can be accomplished by what is in the water.

Functional Water
There is Functional Medicine and Functional Food, so why not Functional Water. Functional water can be defined as water that produces a positive health benefit. If we look at the basic functions of water in the body, such as solvent, lubricant, nutrient delivery, waste removal, and most of all, enabling almost all key biological processes (i.e., life), it is clear that water produces a positive health benefit. One example of an historical version of functional water is the mineral water used at spas for internal and external health benefits. Another example is the addition of fluorides to drinking water, which is supposed to produce a positive dental benefit (when calcium fluoride is used, not sodium fluoride, which is the chemical used mostly by local water companies). Not everyone agrees that fluoride in any form is beneficial.

If we want to see the health benefits of water, just look at what the lack of sufficient water in the body (dehydration) can cause [2]:

Increased risk of kidney stones.
Increased risk of urinary tract cancers.
Increased risk of colon cancer.
Increased risk of breast cancer

Some people feel that many of our health problems are due to chronic dehydration, and that proper hydration alone would cure many of our common diseases [3].

It is clear that water has medicinal and functional value. The key issue is what state should the water be in to provide the optimal medicinal and functional value. Unaltered source water from deep wells or protected springs would be a good start, but there are very few sources of water that are not treated by chemicals such as chlorine, ozone, and other chemicals. Thus, we should consider new treatment concepts that may restore or improve the medicinal/functional properties of conventionally treated water.

The historical way that functional water is produced is for nature or man to add minerals. Recently, man has decided to make aquaceuticals. That is, water with nutraceuticals (vitamins, herbs, minerals, etc.) that presumably produce a health benefit. Note that in all these cases, water is just the carrier (solvent) and the health benefits are assumed to come from the additives (solutes). Now what if the properties of the solvent (water) could be altered so that it contributed synergistically or catalytically to improve the health benefits of the solutes. This approach to making functional water has been actively pursued in recent years, particularly in Japan and Russia.

The Japanese Functional Water Foundation defines functional water as water that has been exposed to external energy fields. This includes electrical, magnetic, electromagnetic (infrared, microwave, nuclear), ultrasound, and vortex implosion. The most widely used energy sources to make functional water are electrolysis and magnetic fields. The most scientifically studied functional water process is electrolysis.

The Japanese and Russians have used electrolysis in combination with ion separation to produce functional waters with a wide range of beneficial properties for over 200 applications [4, 5]. For example, since 1966 the Japanese have been drinking electrolyzed alkaline water to increase and enhance calcium absorption. Approximately 15 million Japanese now drink this water. The Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare has certified that alkaline electrolyzed water (a reducing water)assists in the alleviation of gastrointestinal disorders, acidosis, chronic diarrhea, and poor digestion. This same water is used in agriculture for enhancing plant growth. The acid electrolyzed water (an oxidizing water) that is produced by the same process [6] (and at the same time) is used as a disinfectant and pesticide.

Recent research in Japan has shown that electrolyzed alkaline drinking water has a synergistic effect on antioxidants. For example, the antioxidant strength of vitamin C in electrolyzed alkaline water is several times greater than vitamin C in tap water. The synergistic effect is due to the higher dissociation/ionization constant of the functional (electrolyzed) water [7]. Other studies have shown that electrolyzed water produces antioxidant behavior and protects DNA from free radical damage [8]. Clinical studies have shown that mice fed electrolyzed alkaline water lived 30% longer. This functional water enhanced the immune system and inhibited autoimmune disease [9].

Future Applications
There are many applications for functional water. Most of them have been subjected to limited testing and verification. A few of them have been extensively tested and are widely used outside the U.S. (human and animal drinking water, plant growth, food processing, disinfectant, pesticide). Based on this database, here are some possible future uses of functional water (used in the generic sense) in areas of interest to WaterLife.

1. Use functional water for drinking to enhance the health benefits of nutrients in the water or taken with the water (humans and animals).
2. Use functional water in cooking to improve the flavor and the nutritional value of foods.
3. Use functional water for plant growth so that nutrients are more absorbable and less water is required.
4. Use functional water for disinfection (water, food processing, medical, and mouth wash).
5. Use functional water for skin problems (dermatitis, bruises, burns, bed sores).
6. Use functional water to reduce gastrointestinal problems (diarrhea, constipation).

FWSNA

The Functional Water Society of North America (FWSNA) is a recently formed non-profit corporation that promotes the science and technology of functional water. It is associated with the Japanese Functional Water Foundation and participates in their annual Functional Water Symposium. The society maintains an extensive database of technical publications, articles and vendor information pertinent to the production and uses of functional water. This information, along with technical support, is provided to manufactures, users, and researchers of functional water.

References
[1] Westhof, E.; Water and Biological Macromolecules, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993.
[2] Kleiner, S.; Water: An Essential but Overlooked Nutrient, J. Amer. Dietetic Assoc. 99 (1999) 200.
[3] Batmanghelidj, F.; Your Body’s Many Cries for Water, Global Health Solutions, Falls Church, VA, 1992.
[4] Proceedings of the Functional Water Symposiums, (1994 – 2000), Tokyo, Japan.
[5] Bakhir, V.; Electrochemical Activation, 2 vol., All-Russian Institute for Medical Engineering, Moscow, 1992.
[6] Kumon, K.; What is Functional Water, Artif. Organs 21 (1997) 2.
[7] Hanaoka, K.; Antioxidant Effects of Reduced Water Produced by Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride Solutions, (to be published in J Applied Electrochemistry, 2001).
[8] Shirahata, S., et al: Electrolyzed-Reduced Water Scavenges Active Oxygen Species and Protect DNA from Oxidative Damage, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 234 (1997) 269.
[9] Fernandes, G.; Effect of Electrolyzed Water Intake on Lifespan of Autoimmune Disease Prone Mice, (see below) FASEB Journal 12 (1998) A794.

Effect of electrolytic water intake on lifespan of
autoimmune disease prone mice.
Research from Texas University

Recent studies on electrolyzed water indicate that anode or acidic water is most effective as disinfectants; whereas, reduced or alkaline water processed through cathode is used as safe drinking water. The present drinking water study was undertaken in two strains of autoimmune disease prone mice to establish the spontaneous disease process and longevity. Weanling MRL/lpr and NZBxNZW [B/W] F1 female mice were provided daily with (1) tap water [pH ~7.5, oxygen reduction potential (ORP)~600+] (2) electrolyzed water with pH of ~9.0 and ORP ~400- and (3) hyper-reduced water with pH~10.0 and ORP~600-. Mice were provided H2O and chow diet ad libitum and weekly body weights and spontaneous deaths were recorded. The mean survival data recorded as days for MRL/lpr mice [25 mice/group] is as follows: (1) tap water 235±25, (2) reduced water 287±40 and (3) hyper-reduced water 346±45 days [<0.05]. In the case of B/W mice [25 mice/group], (1) tap water 269±16, (2) reduced water 298±19 and (3) hyper-reduced 302±18 days. A significantly decreased (<0.05) serum lipid peroxides were observed in mice fed hyper-reduced H2O. Also, the source of water did not alter lymphocyte subsets or their response to mitogens. In summary, hyper-reduced water with pH~10.0 appears to inhibit autoimmune disease of MRL/lpr mice whereas only a modest increased lifespan was noted for B/W mice. The increased lifespan by electrolyzed H2O appears to be related to the changes in free radicals and antioxidant enzyme levels. [Supported in part by Zanix Co. and Mr. Waterman Co., Tokyo, Japan].







Analysis of Blood Serum from Tap and Reduced Water Fed Animals

Serum Lipid Peroxides: Serum lipid peroxides were determined as described by Yagi using 20 ul serum. Fluorometric measurement was carried out using a Perkin-Elmer fluorescence spectrophotometer. 1,1,3,3, tetraethoxypropane was used as the standard.

Antioxidant Enzymes: Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured by the inhibition of cytochrome-c reduction mediated via superoxide anions generated by xanthin-xanthin oxidase and monitored at 550 nm. One unit of SOD is defined as the amount of enzyme required to inhibit the rate of cytochrome-c reduction by 50%.












Summary:

1. Life long intake of both reduced (pH 9.0) and hyper-reduced (pH 10.0) water caused no harm to mice compared to tap water.
2. Survival is increased significantly by hyper-reduced water in one strain (MRL/lpr).
3. Slight increased life span in the other strain (NZBxNZW F1)
4. Reduced and hyper-reduced water appears to increase T cell numbers, and decrease B cells.
5. Both reduced and hyper-reduced water appears to increase antioxidant mRNA levels.
6. New clinical and animal studies are needed to confirm above results